Here’s a breakdown of the functions of Flower, Radicle, Cotyledons, Endosperm, and Micropyle:

 

Here’s a breakdown of the functions of Flower, Radicle, Cotyledons, Endosperm, and Micropyle:

1. Flower 🌸

• The reproductive organ of angiosperms (flowering plants).

• Produces gametes for sexual reproduction.

• Attracts pollinators through color, scent, and nectar.

• Develops into fruit and seeds after fertilization.

2. Radicle 🌱

• The embryonic root in a seed.

• First organ to emerge during germination.

• Grows downward to anchor the plant and absorb water and nutrients.

3. Cotyledons 🌿

• Seed leaves present in the embryo.

• Provide stored nutrients to the developing seedling.

• Can be monocotyledonous (one) or dicotyledonous (two).

4. Endosperm 🌾

• Nutritive tissue that supplies food (starch, proteins, fats) to the embryo.

• Supports seedling growth until it can photosynthesize.

• Present in cereals like wheat, rice, and maize.

5. Micropyle 🎯

• A small pore in the seed coat.

• Allows water and oxygen to enter for germination.

• Facilitates pollen tube entry during fertilization.

   

   

   

   

  Questions:

• Which of the following is NOT a necessary condition for seed germination?
  a) Water
  b) Oxygen
  c) Sunlight
  d) Warmth

• Why is water essential for seed germination?
  a) It helps in seed dispersal
  b) It activates enzymes and softens the seed coat
  c) It provides energy for growth
  d) It helps in pollination

• What role does oxygen play in seed germination?
  a) It helps in photosynthesis
  b) It provides energy through respiration
  c) It prevents seed dormancy
  d) It dissolves the seed coat

• How does temperature affect seed germination?
  a) Very low temperatures speed up germination
  b) A suitable temperature activates enzymes for growth
  c) High temperatures stop the process
  d) Temperature has no effect on germination

• What are the three main conditions necessary for seed germination?
  a) Water, Oxygen, and Suitable Temperature
  b) Water, Sunlight, and Carbon Dioxide
  c) Oxygen, Minerals, and Nitrogen
  d) Soil, Water, and Sunlight

Answers:

1. c) Sunlight

2. b) It activates enzymes and softens the seed coat

3. b) It provides energy through respiration

4. b) A suitable temperature activates enzymes for growth

5. a) Water, Oxygen, and Suitable Temperature

    
   

   parts of the Seed Responsible for Growth

6. (a) Roots grow from the Radicle.

7. (b) Leaves grow from the Plumule.

The Radicle develops into the primary root, while the Plumule develops into the shoot, which later forms the stem and leaves. 🌱😊

 1. Aquatic Plants (AQ):

1. Definition:
   Aquatic plants are plants that grow in or around water. They are adapted to survive in waterlogged conditions. These plants can be found in ponds, lakes, rivers, and oceans.

   Examples:

2. Floating plants: Water hyacinth, Duckweed

3. Submerged plants: Hydrilla, Vallisneria

4. Emergent plants: Lotus, Water lily

Question:

• What are aquatic plants? Name their types with examples.

• Answer: Aquatic plants are plants that grow in water. They are of three types:

  • Floating plants (e.g., Water hyacinth)

  • Submerged plants (e.g., Hydrilla)

  • Emergent plants (e.g., Lotus)

---

2. Fruits:

Definition:
A fruit is the mature ovary of a flowering plant, usually containing seeds. It helps in seed dispersal and protects the developing seeds inside. Fruits can be fleshy (like mango and apple) or dry (like groundnut and pea).

Functions of Fruits:

• Protects the seeds

• Aids in seed dispersal

• Provides nutrition in some cases (e.g., mango, banana)

Question:

• What is a fruit? Mention its functions.

• Answer: A fruit is the mature ovary of a flowering plant that contains seeds. Its functions are:

  • Protecting seeds

  • Helping in seed dispersal

  • Storing food in some plants

---

3. Seeds:

Definition:
A seed is a fertilized ovule that contains an embryo, which can grow into a new plant under favorable conditions. Seeds are covered by a protective seed coat and contain stored food for the developing plant.

Parts of a Seed:

• Seed coat: Outer protective covering

• Embryo: Baby plant inside

• Cotyledons: Store food for the seedling

Examples: Pea, wheat, maize, sunflower

Question:

• What is a seed? Name its parts.

• Answer: A seed is a fertilized ovule that can grow into a new plant. Its parts are:

  • Seed coat

  • Embryo

  • Cotyledons

---

4. Fertilization:

Definition:
Fertilization is the process of fusion of a male gamete (pollen) with a female gamete (ovule) to form a zygote. This process takes place in the ovary of a flower.

Steps in Fertilization:

1. Pollen grains land on the stigma (pollination).

2. Pollen tube grows towards the ovary.

3. The male gamete fuses with the ovule inside the ovary.

4. The zygote develops into an embryo, forming a seed.

Question:

• What is fertilization in plants? Describe its steps.

• Answer: Fertilization is the fusion of male and female gametes in a flower. Steps:

  1. Pollen lands on stigma.

  2. Pollen tube grows towards the ovule.

  3. Male gamete fuses with the ovule.

  4. A zygote is formed, developing into a seed.

---

5. Hilum:

Definition:
The hilum is a small scar or mark on a seed where it was attached to the fruit. It is the point where nutrients and water entered the developing seed inside the fruit.

Function of Hilum:

• Connects the seed to the fruit

• Helps in the passage of water and nutrients to the seed

Example: In a bean seed, the hilum is visible as a small mark on the seed coat.

Question:

• What is the hilum? What is its function?

• Answer: The hilum is the scar on a seed where it was attached to the fruit. It helps in nutrient and water supply to the developing seed.

---

6. Dry Fruits:

Definition:
Dry fruits are those fruits that do not have a fleshy pericarp (outer covering). They are usually hard, dry, and sometimes split open when mature to release seeds.

Types of Dry Fruits:

• Dehiscent dry fruits: Split open to release seeds (e.g., Pea, Mustard)

• Indehiscent dry fruits: Do not split open (e.g., Almond, Coconut)

Examples: Pea, Groundnut, Wheat, Almond

Question:

• What are dry fruits? Give examples.

• Answer: Dry fruits are fruits with a hard, dry outer covering that may or may not split open. Examples: Pea, Groundnut, Almond, Coconut.

---

Final Summary:

Term	Definition	Examples
Aquatic Plants (AQ)	Plants that grow in water.	Lotus, Hydrilla, Water Hyacinth
Fruits	Mature ovary containing seeds.	Mango, Apple, Coconut
Seeds	Fertilized ovule that grows into a plant.	Wheat, Maize, Pea
Fertilization	Fusion of pollen (male) with ovule (female).	Happens inside the ovary
Hilum	Scar on a seed where it was attached to the fruit.	Seen on bean seeds
Dry Fruits	Fruits with a hard, dry outer covering.	Pea, Almond, Groundnut

1. Pollination and Its Types

   What is Pollination?

   Pollination is the process of transfer of pollen grains from the anther (male part) of a flower to the stigma (female part) of the same or another flower. It is essential for fertilization, which leads to seed and fruit formation.

   ---

   Types of Pollination

   Pollination is of two main types:

2. Self-Pollination (Autogamy)

   • Occurs when pollen from the anther of a flower is transferred to the stigma of the same flower or another flower on the same plant.

   • Examples: Pea, Tomato, Sunflower

   Types of Self-Pollination:

   • Direct self-pollination: Pollen falls on the stigma of the same flower.

   • Cleistogamy: Pollination occurs in a closed flower (e.g., Pea).

3. Cross-Pollination (Allogamy)

   • Occurs when pollen from the anther of a flower is transferred to the stigma of a flower on a different plant of the same species.

   • Examples: Apple, Coconut, Mustard

   Agents of Cross-Pollination:

   • Wind Pollination (Anemophily): Pollen is carried by wind (e.g., Maize, Grass).

   • Water Pollination (Hydrophily): Pollen is carried by water (e.g., Vallisneria, Hydrilla).

   • Insect Pollination (Entomophily): Pollen is transferred by insects like bees and butterflies (e.g., Sunflower, Rose).

   • Bird Pollination (Ornithophily): Pollination by birds like hummingbirds (e.g., Hibiscus).

   • Bat Pollination (Chiropterophily): Pollination by bats (e.g., Banana, Mango).

---

What is a Flower?

A flower is the reproductive part of a plant. It helps in reproduction by producing seeds and fruits after pollination and fertilization.

Parts of a Flower:

1. Calyx (Sepals): Protects the flower bud.

2. Corolla (Petals): Brightly colored to attract pollinators.

3. Androecium (Stamens): Male reproductive part containing:

   • Anther: Produces pollen grains.

   • Filament: Supports the anther.

4. Gynoecium (Carpel/Pistil): Female reproductive part containing:

   • Stigma: Receives pollen.

   • Style: Connects stigma to ovary.

   • Ovary: Contains ovules that develop into seeds after fertilization.

---

Image of a Flower with Labels (English)

Generating an image of a flower with labeled parts.